Unit 1 ENGINEERING (Тема 1: Инженерия или Инженерное дело)
SECTION A. AN ENGINEERING STUDENT (Секция А: Студент-инженер)
Прочитайте диалоги и узнайте, как правильно представлять себя. Переведите на русский язык.
A
Teacher: Good morning! Let me introduce myself. I am your English teacher. I am here to help you with English. What are you? What do you do? What did you do? Why are you here?
Class: We are students.
Teacher: Are you first-year students? Are you freshmen?
Class: Yes, we are.
Teacher: Will you introduce yourselves? Who are you?
Student: I am Andrew Kolosov. I am here to study English.
Teacher: What is your name?
Student: My name is Kate Gomonova. I am a first-year student. I am here to master my English, too.
Teacher: Thank you. I am glad to meet you.
Students: We are glad to meet you, too.
B
Teacher: Allow me to introduce your supervisor.
Supervisor: How do you do?
Students: How do you do?
Supervisor: You are eager to study at our Technical University and become good specialists, aren't you?
Students: Yes, of course, we are.
Supervisor: You are lucky to study at our University. I wish you success.
Students: Thank you very much.
C
Teacher: (in whisper) Oh, I'm sorry, who is this student?
Monitor: This is Oleg Smirnov.
Teacher: I see. He is 18 years old, isn't he?
Monitor: Yes, he is.
Teacher: Is he from Moscow?
Monitor: No, he isn't. He is Belarusian. He is from Grodno, from the Republic of Belarus.
Teacher: OK. Thanks a lot.
D
Oleg: Hello, Kate. How are you?
Kate: Very well, thank you. And how are you?
Oleg: Quite well, thanks. Kate, this is Mike. He is my friend here at University and he was my friend at school.
Kate: Hello, nice to meet you.
Mike: Hi, rm glad to meet you, too.
Изучите примеры в таблице.
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morning Good afternoon. Evening. Hello. How do you do? How are you? How are you doing? How are you getting on? How are things? Is everything fine? Let me introduce myself. My name is ... This is Mr., Mrs., Miss |
morning Good afternoon.
Hello. How do you do? I'm fine, thank you. I'm OK, thanks. Not bad. Quite well. Excellent, thanks. Nice to meet you. Pleased to meet you. I am ... Glad to meet you. |
Вставьте is / am / are в беседу двух студентов. Переведите на русский язык.
Kate: Excuse me, are you Paul?
Michael: No, I, .... My name ... Michael.
Kate: Well, Mike, are you tired after your first day at University?
Michael: No, I ..., really. I ... eager to study here.
Kate: Me too. They say the Technical University ... a very exciting University to attend.
Andrew: I ... Andrew Kovalev. I ... fond of computers. And you?
Alice: I ... Alice. I ... fond of programming as well. And besides, I ... interested in graffiti arts.
Andrew: What is it?
Ann: Alexey, you ... good at drawing.
Alexey: Really? I ... glad to hear it.
Исправьте ошибки. Переведите на русский язык.
Hello! We am are first-year students of the Technical University. Our names is are Oleg, Mike and Kate. We is are eager to know what it am is like to be an American student. We is are from Minsk. Minsk am is the capital of Belarus. Minsk are is about 750 kilometres far from Moscow. The transportation system in Minsk are is rather complicated.
The average temperature in Belarus in winter months are is about -10°C (14°F) and about +20°C (68°F) in summer months.
Заполните пропуски данными выражениями. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
to be busy with – быть занятым чем-либо ,
to be impressed by – быть впечатленным чем-либо,
to be fed up with – быть сытым по горло чем-либо,
to be interested in – интересоваться чем-либо,
to be fond of – увлекаться чем-либо,
to be crazy ahout – быть без ума от чего-либо (сильно увлекаться)
Составьте предложения, обращая внимание на структуру английского предложения. Переведите на русский язык.
freshmen University at are we. – We are freshmen at University. – В университете мы новички (первокурсники). are students technical we. – We are technical students. – Мы студенты технических специальностей fond of music am I. – i am fond of music. – Я увлекаюсь музыкой. is interested in he engineering. – He is interested in engineering. – Он интересуется инженерией (инженерным делом). good at are they programming. – They are good at programming. – У них хорошо получается программирование. (Они сильны в программировании). never tired of we studying are. – We are never tired of studying. – Мы никогда не устаем учиться. Изучите названия разных профессий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
He is a student of computer engineering. So he is a programmer. – Он изучает компьютерную инженерию. Значит он программист. He is a student of processing engineering. So he is a technologist. – Он изучает технологию обработки. Значит он технолог. He is a student of metrology. So he is a metrologist. – Он изучает метрологию (систему мер и весов). Значит он метролог. He is a student of economics. So he is an economist. – Он изучает экономику. Значит он экономист. He is a student of construction engineering. So he is a builder. – Он изучает строительную технику (Он студент инженерного факультета). Значит он строитель. He is a student of mechanical engineering. So he is a mechanical engineer. - Он изучает машиностроение. (Он студент факультета машиностроения). Значит он инженер-механик. Образуйте названия профессий. Переведите на русский язык.
physics - physicist – физик
ecology – ecologist – эколог
technology -technologist - технолог
economy - economist - экономист
mathematics – mathematician – математик
metrology – metrologist – метролог
programming – programmer – программист
architecture – architect – архитектор
Подберите правильное определение. Переведите на русский язык.
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1. physician |
a) a student or expert in physics |
|
2. physicist |
b) a person whose profession is to keep and examine business accounts |
|
3. accountant |
c) a specialist in scientific and industrial fields |
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4. technician |
d) a doctor of medicine or surgery |
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5. technologist |
e) a skilled workman, especially who repairs |
Заполните пропуски, переведите предложения на русский язык. a) many, much, a lot of b) fow, a fow, (правильно few и a few) little, a little Исправьте ошибки. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
- How are you do? - Quite well, thank you. Прочитайте текст и переведите на русский язык.
Engineering is a very practical activity. It is the process of applying the latest achievements of science and technology into practice. There are a lot of branches in engineering. Mechanical engineers are experts in the design and manufacture of tools and machines. Mechanical engineering has marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating branches. Electrical engineering is about producing and applying electricity in various fields of national economy. It has the following branches: electrical installation, electrical generation, lighting, etc. Components and equipment for computing and communicating are the product of electronic engineering and bridges, roads and airports are the object of civil engineering.
UNIT 2 EXPERIMENTING (Тема 2. Экспериментирование.
SECTION A. EXPERIMENTING WITH CAR DEVICES (Секция А. Экспериментирование с автомобильными устройствами)
Grammar: Present Continuous Active (Время Present Continuous Active – настоящее длительное)
Запишите глаголы с -ing окончанием. Составьте предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
EXAMPLE: I / study English. I am studying English.
They / watch TV. They are not watching TV now.
Составьте вопросы по образцу. Переведите на русский язык.
EXAMPLE 1: to study the instrument panel of the car / car design
- Are you studying the instrument panel of the car?
- Yes, I am. /No, I am not.
EXAMPLE 2: to measure the pressure in the tyre / to change the wheel
- Are they measuring the pressure in the tyre?
- Yes, they are. / No, they aren't. They are changing the wheel.
EXAMPLE 3: to test the new engine
- What are you doing? / What is he doing?
- I am testing the new engine now. / He is testing the new engine now.
Составьте утвердительные и отрицательные предложения, используя Present Continuous. Переведите на русский язык.
EXAMPLE: Oleg - to drive a car- to do it carefully
Oleg is driving a car carefully.
Oleg isn’t doing it very carefully.
Исправьте ошибки. Переведите на русский язык.
The speedometer is indicate indicating 60 kph. – Спидометр показывает 60 км / ч. We are not performing mathematical operations. - Мы не выполняем математических операций. Are Is the car moving now? – Машина сейчас двигается? The alternator is not produceing producing enough current now. – Генератор сейчас не вырабатывает достаточного тока. The engine is not producing any power now. - Двигатель сейчас не производит никакой мощности. We are studying the main components of a motor vehicle. – Мы изучаем основные компоненты автомобиля. Подберите правильный вариант перевода.
1) current, n a) выполнять
2)perform, v b) чинить
3) investigate, v c) скорость
4) charge, v d) ток
5) speed, n e) изучать
6) repair, v f) заряжать
Подберите соответствующее определение и переведите на русский язык.
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1) graph |
a. relative size or extent |
|
2) scale |
b. a diagram that shows relationship between quantities |
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3) label |
c. to put a note on an object |
|
4) variable |
d. something that varies |
Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Graphs are very important for recording the results of any experiments. Now the students are drawing graphs in their exercise books. First, they are giving the graph a title. Then they are drawing the axes and putting the independent variable along the bottom of the graph paper (the horizontal axis). The other variable depends on this one and the students are drawing it up the side of the paper (the vertical axis). It is also called the dependent variable. The origin of the graph is usually the point (0, 0).
For example, if you are measuring the speed of a car when it is moving, you choose the speed of the engine and put it along the horizontal axis (rpm). In this case the speed of the car is on the vertical axis.
Now the students are choosing the scales so that the graph fills most of the paper. After that they are numbering the scales evenly and labelling them (the scales) with the correct units. For example, "Speed in kph" or "Speed/kph".
Заполните пропуски данными словами. Переведите на русский язык.
Dependent - зависимый
Giving – давать (дающий)
Drawing – рисующий (рисовать)
Units – единица измерения (блок)
Putting – ложить
horizontal axis – горизонтальная ось
variable – переменная
choosing – выбирать
numbering – нумеровать, присваивать номер
SECTION B. ELECTRICAL DEVICES (Секция В. Электрические устройства)
Grammar: Past and Future Progressive Active
Грамматика: Прошедшее и будущее длительное, действительный залог
|
1. The following suffixes are used to form nouns from verbs: -tion, -sion, -ance/ -еnce, -ure, -er/-or 2. The following prefixes are used to give the opposite meaning to the word: dis-, in-, im-. |
Дополните предложения. Используйте was / were + один из данных глаголов. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
writing ; carrying out ; drawing, measuring, determining, testing
Составьте предложения по образцу и переведите их на русский язык.
EXAMPLE 1: to work in the lab / to work at the workshop
A: Were you working in the lab from 2 till4 o'clock yesterday?
Yes, I was. I was working in the lab at that time.
or B: No, I was not. I was working at the workshop.
EXAMPLE 2: to study electrical devices
A: What were you doing at 2 o'clock yesterday?
B: I was studying electrical devices.
to connect two leads; Дайте краткие ответы на вопросы. Переведите их на русский язык.
EXAMPLE: - Will you be working in the workshop in half an hour?
- Yes, I will. / No, I won't.
Составьте предложения по образцу и переведите их на русский язык.
EXAMPLE: to study the properties of alloys
A: What will you be doing in half an hour?
B: I'll be studying the properties of alloys.
Сделайте данные предложения противоположными по смыслу и переведите их на русский язык.
Прочитайте текст и переведите на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы.
Yesterday from 4 till 6 o'clock Nataly and Alice were working in the laboratory. They were studying different electrical devices and instruments. One of them, a multimeter, was on their demonstration table all the time. The multimeter is used for measuring three types of electrical units, namely: voltage, resistance and current. This device has several scales, a needle, a function selector switch, two leads, a crocodile clip and a probe. Then the girls were measuring the value of the resistance. Alice was using two small crocodile clips to make a good connection between the meter and the resistor. While she was connecting the two leads to the resistor, Nataly was turning the switch to the resistance range. The needle was indicating the value of the resistance on the ohms scale. Next time they are going to measure the current. They will be using the same multimeter.
Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
The amount of electricity which is flowing (it is called the current) is measured in units called amps. The pressure of electricity, the voltage, is measured in volts. A unit of resistance is called an ohm. Current, voltage and resistance have a definite relationship to one another. The current and the voltage determine the power, the rate at which electrical energy is used. A unit of power is a watt. In System International (SI) there are seven base units. They are the following:
- the metre (m) as the unit of length;
- the kilogram (kg) as the unit of mass;
- the second (s) as the unit of time;
- the ampere (A) as the unit of electric current;
- the kelvin (K) as the unit of (thermodynamic) temperature difference;
- the mole (mol) as the unit of substance;
- the candela (cd) as the unit of luminous intensity.
All other SI units are derived from the seven base units. They are the joule, the watt, the pascal, the newton and, the unit of charge, the coulomb.
Прочитайте и переведите текст на русский язык.
The students of the Technical University were carrying out an experiment with a multimeter in the lab last week. They were checking a mains socket in the wall and they were following all the safety instructions. Paul was using two probes that time. While he was inserting them into two terminals of the socket, his groupmate Alex was turning the function selector switch to the VAC (voltage alternating current) range. The needle was indicating the pressure of electricity, i.e., the voltage in the mains. Everybody was watching the indications on the volts scale. It was 220 volts. Next time they are planning to measure the current in a table lamp.
UNIT 3 COMPUTING (Тема 3. Вычисление (работа на ПК)
SECTION A. COMPUTER BASICS (Компьютерные основы)
Grammar: Present Simple (Active) (Грамматика: Настоящее время)
Образуйте существительные от данных глаголов.
to decide – decision – решение
to instruct – instruction – инструкция, команда
to inform – information – информация, данные
Найдите для слов в A синоним в В.
to supply a) to process b) to give c) to accept
2.to employ a) to define b) to operate c) to use
3.to store a) to keep b) to perform c) to carry out
4.network a) task b) web c) circuit
5.to embrace a) to include b) to solve c) to communicate
Составьте предложения по образцу и переведите их на русский язык.
EXAMPLE 1: a. Michael and Ann seldom leave the work half done.
Paul always leaves the work half done. I seldom leave the work half done
EXAMPLE 2: a. Michael and Ann don't test computer programmes every day.
Paul doesn't test computer programmes every day. I don't test computer programmes every day. Сделайте данные предложения противоположными по смыслу и переведите их на русский язык. The computer doesn't usually make different types of decisions. – The computer usually make different types of decisions (Компьютер обычно принимает разные решения.) Составьте вопросы по образцу и дайте краткие ответы. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
EXAMPLE 1: to prepare computer programmes
Do you prepare computer programmes?
EXAMPLE 2: to carry out logical operations
Does the computer usually carry out logical operations?
Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t
Для каждого компонента подберите соответствующую функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык
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A component |
A function |
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1. storage device |
a. displays the processed data |
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2. input device |
b. holds the programmes and data, which the processor uses |
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3. output device |
c. does all the processing and controls the peripherals |
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4. main memory |
d. provides permanent storage |
|
5. processor |
e. entets data |
Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Computers are electronic machines. They communicate with the user, perform different kinds of arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, division and multiplication, solve a series of logical problems and make thousands of logical decisions. Modern computers operate quickly and accurately. Every computer consists of software and hardware. Information in the form of programmes and data is called software, but the pieces of equipment that make up the computer system are known as hardware. The most important item of hardware is the CPU (Central Processing Unit). This is the electronic unit at the centre of the computer system. The brain of the computer is the processor. It does all the processing and controls all the devices in the computer system. The main memory stores all the programmes and data used by the processor. All the other devices in the computer system are known as peripherals. They include input devices, output devices and storage devices. An input device supplies information into the computer. The most commonly used input device is a keyboard. An output device such as a monitor or a printer displays the processed data. There are two types of storage devices used with computers: a primary storage device, such as RAM, and a secondary storage device, such as a hard drive. Secondary storage can be removable, internal or external.
Computer is a complex electronic machine. Its basic job is the processing of information. For this reason, computers are known as devices, which accept two kinds of information in the form of instructions. The former is called programmes and the latter is known as data.
Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
The Internet
The Internet is a global computer network that embraces millions of users all over the world. It dates back to 1969 when it began as a military experiment. Information that people send over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching network. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network fail, the information just routes around them.
One of the most popular Internet services is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages.
However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message travels through many different networks and computers. Special computers that are called routers direct the data towards its destination. That is why it becomes possible to get into any of computers along the route and even change the data that we send over the Internet. This happens because the Internet transmits nearly all the information, which we send without any form of encoding.
SECTION B. FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (Секция В. Из истории компьютеров)
Grammar: Past, Future Simple Active (Грамматика: Прошедшее и будущее простое время)
Назовите Past Simple данных глаголов. Заполните пропуски данными глаголами в Past Simple. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
test read understand study solve
Andrew compiled a new programme yesterday. – Андрей вчера составил новую программу. Составьте предложения по образцу и переведите их на русский язык.
EXAMPLE: to work on computer/yesterday
I worked on computer at the computer yesterday.
|
1. to study different kinds of computers |
yesterday |
|
2. to calculate complex mathematical equations |
last week (month) |
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3. to study the advantages of minicomputers |
two days ago |
|
4. to prepare complicated programmes |
the day before yesterday |
Выберите правильную форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык.
The engineers discussed /were discussing new computer technology at 4 o'clock yesterday. (Вчера в 4 часа инженеры обсуждали новую компьютерную технологию). Составьте предложения в утвердительной или отрицательной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
EXAMPLE: The computer of the future will perform operations faster.
The computer of the future will not (won't) be very big.
. Составьте вопросы и ответьте на них. Переведите на русский язык.
EXAMPLE: to work on microcomputer
- When will you work on microcomputer?
- I will work on microcomputer tomorrow.
|
1. to study the capabilities and limitations of a new computer |
tomorrow |
|
2. to discuss advantages and disadvantages of PC |
in a day (three days) |
|
3. to study the minicomputer technology |
the day after tomorrow |
|
4. to check the main components of computer |
next Monday (week, month) |
Исправьте ошибки в предложениях и переведите на русский язык. I studied will study the capabilities of a new computer tomorrow. – Завтра я буду изучать возможности нового компьютера. Для каждого слова в А найдите подходящий вариант перевода в В. изобретать - b) to invent считать - a) to count Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
History of Computer Systems
The very first calculating device was the ten fingers of a man's hand. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then people invented the abacus (счеты), a bead frame in which the beads move from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is used in some parts of the world because it's not necessary to know how to read in order to use it.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. The French scientist Blaise Pascal invented the first adding machine in 1642. His machine was mechanical in nature and it used gears to store numbers. John Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing. He also produced the first logarithms. All mathematicians today use logarithm tables. Leibnitz, a German mathematician, developed the binary system of mathematics in the 1600s. Binary mathematics uses only the 0 and the 1 and arranges them to represent all numbers.
The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments. This type of machine, which saved a great deal of time and reduced the possibility of mistakes, depended on a series of gear wheels and used "punched cards" (перфокарты). In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, began to design a machine that was later called the "Analitical Engine". Babbage showed this machine at the Paris Exhibition in 1855. It contained all of the basic elements of an automatic computer – storage, working memory and input device. Many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers.
Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Let's have a look at the history of computers. The first general-purpose electronic digital computer came out in the USA in 1946. It was called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). ENIAC contained about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed more than 30 tons, occupied more than 1,500 square feet of floor space, and consumed 150 kilowatts of electricity during operation. The first-generation computer performed about 5,000 additions and 1,000 multiplications per second and was slow in comparison with modern machines. In the late 1950s the second generation of computers appeared and these performed work ten times faster than the first computers. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The third-generation computers appeared in 1965. They performed a million calculations per second, which was 1,000 times as many as first-generation computers. Now tiny integrated circuits controlled computers.
By the late 1960s many large businesses depended on computers. Many companies linked their computers into networks and that made it possible for different offices to share information. During this time computer technology improved rapidly. In the 1970s there appeared a microprocessor. And in 1975 American engineers devised the first personal computer, Altair. Millions of individuals, families and schools began to use PCs.
Present-day computers complete millions of instructions per second. Some experts predict that a new generation of intelligent machines will process data with the help of beams of laser light, rather than electric current. They say that these computers will store data on individual molecules and that virtual reality will play a large role in education.
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